Just two weeks ago, Microsoft’s Satya Nadella stood onstage next to OpenAI’s Sam Altman at the start-up’s conference in a former concert hall in San Francisco. Both wore black jeans, Mr. Altman in an army-green shirt and Mr. Nadella in navy casual.
“We love you guys!” Mr. Nadella said as he turned to Mr. Altman.
“Awwww,” Mr. Altman responded.
Mr. Altman has called OpenAI’s relationship with Microsoft “the best bromance in tech.” Since 2019, the companies have worked together to build advanced artificial intelligence systems that they believe could be the most important tech innovations in a generation, and Microsoft has invested $13 billion in OpenAI. Together, they planned to take on Google’s hammerlock on the internet.
That relationship is being put to the test. On Friday, when the nonprofit board that controls OpenAI ousted Mr. Altman, the company’s co-founder and chief executive, Microsoft was given just minutes of warning before the move was made public.
Over the last three days, Mr. Nadella has made it clear that he isn’t about to walk away from the partnership — but OpenAI’s future may be in doubt. And what could have been an embarrassing moment for Mr. Nadella and his company has turned into a display of corporate muscle flexing that has stunned industry insiders.
Since OpenAI released its ChatGPT chatbot almost a year ago, artificial intelligence has captured the public’s imagination, with hopes that it could be used for important work like drug research or to help teach children. It could also lead to job losses or even autonomous warfare. And whoever builds it could control what some computer scientists believe is one of the most important new technologies since the steam engine.
On Sunday night, hours after OpenAI’s board of directors said it stood by the decision to push out Mr. Altman, Microsoft swooped in to hire Mr. Altman and Greg Brockman, who quit as OpenAI’s president after the board’s decision. Mr. Nadella said the two would run a new A.I. research lab for Microsoft, and most of OpenAI’s more than 700 employees have said they will walk out and offer their services to Microsoft if Mr. Altman isn’t reinstated.
“We look forward to moving quickly to provide them with the resources needed for their success,” Mr. Nadella said on X, formerly Twitter.
Microsoft and OpenAI declined to comment.
Mr. Nadella’s aggressive move against OpenAI was a stunning capstone to a wild weekend. It exposed a fault line between tech industry leaders focused on turning A.I. into a giant business and an increasingly influential part of the tech community that believes A.I. could be dangerous.
A key member of OpenAI’s board believed Mr. Altman was moving too fast to expand his company while not paying enough attention to the safety of A.I., from concerns it will eliminate jobs to a belief it could be a threat to humanity.
Though Mr. Nadella and his company unsuccessfully tried to help resolve OpenAI’s management breakdown over the weekend, he had more leverage over the San Francisco start-up than many people realized.
OpenAI has most likely seen only a part of the $13 billion that Microsoft has committed because it was supposed to be paid out over time — though the exact terms of the deal were unclear. In addition, Microsoft signed a deal that gave it copies of OpenAI’s most cutting-edge technology and has been working with it for more than a year. Microsoft has been providing OpenAI with the enormous computer power it needs to build its A.I.
With all that, Mr. Nadella could rebuild OpenAI inside Microsoft and not lose much time or money. It is also not out of the question that OpenAI’s board could give in to employee pressure to bring Mr. Altman and his allies back, with significant changes to the board. Mr. Nadella could live with that, too.
“It’s like you forget the nonsense that happened for four days — Sam is still Sam, and he is running the show,” said S. Somasegar, a former Microsoft executive now at Madrona Venture Group who has been in touch with Mr. Nadella. “Microsoft will end up the winner no matter what happens here.”
For Microsoft, an implosion at OpenAI presented a big risk to its plans to embed A.I. into everything it does. Microsoft owns 49 percent of OpenAI, but has no direct influence over its board of directors.
But as a hedge against not having explicit control of OpenAI, Microsoft negotiated contracts that gave it rights to OpenAI’s intellectual property, copies of the source code for its key systems as well as the “weights” that guide the system’s results after it has been trained on data, according to three people familiar with the deal, who were not allowed to publicly discuss it.
“That is the core protection for Microsoft,” Mr. Somasegar said.
Mr. Nadella moved quickly on Friday afternoon to speak with OpenAI’s board in an attempt to calm the charged situation. He said Microsoft would continue to working with OpenAI, but it is not clear what will be left of the company.
Microsoft investors, who feared Microsoft was put in a tough spot by the management mess at OpenAI, applauded Mr. Nadella’s move. Microsoft’s stock price rose more than 2 percent on Monday to a record high.
Mr. Nadella and his technology chief, Kevin Scott, had close relationships with Mr. Altman and Mr. Brockman. Mr. Nadella and Mr. Altman have known each other since 2018, when they met at the high-wattage Allen & Company conference in Sun Valley, Idaho. At the time, OpenAI was a nonprofit research lab dedicated to building safe artificial general intelligence.
But OpenAI needed vast amounts of expensive computing power, so to attract investors, it created a for-profit company still under the control of the nonprofit board of directors.
Since its first $1 billion investment in OpenAI in 2019, Microsoft has treated the far smaller company as a tech incubator. OpenAI was singularly focused on A.I. — like a pack of wolves, as one former Microsoft executive described it — while Microsoft had to manage an array of businesses, from cloud computing and software to computer games.
OpenAI is now discovering it needed Microsoft far more than Microsoft needed OpenAI. Microsoft developed and provided the vast computing power that runs OpenAI, and negotiated a slate of legal and commercial deals to protect it if something went wrong there.
Microsoft had spent months negotiating a $10 billion investment that closed in January, and worked to keep its ownership stake just under 50 percent. Among other things, it worried that having majority control would expose it to antitrust scrutiny, according to the three people familiar with the deal. And Mr. Nadella avoided meddling in OpenAI’s management.
The chaotic weekend showed he did not need a seat on the board to have power.
“We are all going to work together some way or other,” Mr. Altman wrote on X on Monday morning, “and i’m so excited.”
Reporting was contributed by Cade Metz, Erin Griffith, Mike Isaac and Tripp Mickle, all from San Francisco.
